1. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.E. Bryant, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 2. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Susan Williams, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 3. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Henry Berry, he describes his grandmother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 4. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Brooks, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 5. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named James Thompson, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 6. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucinda Kersey, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 7. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Robert Miller, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 8. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Burns, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 9. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack Lo 10. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mariah Miller, she mentions that her grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 11. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Robert Martin, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 12. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Celia Locklear, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 13. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Stephen Blue, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 14. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Delia Locklear, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 15. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Dave Jacobs, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 16. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Eliza Mitchell, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 17. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sarah Jacobs, she mentions that her grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 18. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Joe Blue, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 19. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Matilda Locklear, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 20. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Patsy Coleman, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 21. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.H. Clark, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 22. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary McLean, she says that her father was "a Lumbee Indian man" who was enslaved. 23. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack Bryant, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 24. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sophia Brown, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 25. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Richard Alford, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 26. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Millie Ann Brown, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 27. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named P.D. Locklear, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 28. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Hannah Lowry, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 29. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named William Freeman, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 30. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Edward S. Ray, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 31. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Easter Revels, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 32. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Burrell Lowry, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 33. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Amanda Chavis, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 34. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.D. Oxendine, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 35. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Harris, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 36. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Alfred Lowry, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 37. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sally Ann Sampson, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 38. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jacob Oxendine, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 39. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Jane Williams, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 40. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Adeline Cummings, she mentions that her grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 41. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Wesley Locklear, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 42. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Oxendine, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 43. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Cain Lowry, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 44. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Martha Ann Revels, she describes her father as "a Lumbee Indian man" who was enslaved. 45. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Miles McLeod, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 46. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Emily Cummings, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 47. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jesse Locklear, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 48. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Betty Jane Chavis, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 49. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Levi Chavis, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 50. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Martha Brigman, she mentions that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 51. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Lewis Henderson, he describes his father as "half Choctaw Indian." 52. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Oxendine, she mentions that her grandmother was "part Choctaw Indian." 53. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter Lewis, he describes his mother as "half Choctaw." 54. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Ann Jones, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 55. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Abram Jacobs, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw." 56. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lizzie Brayboy, she describes her mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 57. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Lowry, he says that his father was "part Choctaw." 58. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Harris, she mentions that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 59. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jim Walker, he describes his mother as "a Choctaw Indian." 60. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Becky Jane McLeod, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw." 61. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named David Freeman, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw." 62. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Esther Locklear, she mentions that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 63. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Sampson Jacobs, he describes his mother as "part Choctaw." 64. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Chavis, she says that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 65. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack McLeod, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 66. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Jane Jones, she describes her mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 67. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Martin Bunch, he says that his grandmother was "a Choctaw Indian." 68. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sarah Harris, she mentions that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 69. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Nelson Locklear, he describes his mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 70. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Nancy Freeman, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 71. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named David Jacobs, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw." 72. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Locklear, she says that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 73. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Richard Brayboy, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 74. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Dinah Freeman, she describes her mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 75. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named James Lewis, he says that his grandmother was "a Choctaw Indian." 76. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Easter McLeod, she mentions that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 77. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Dennis Lowry, he describes his mother as "part Choctaw." 78. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Susan Harris, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 79. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Henry Harris, he mentions that his mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 80. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucinda McPherson, she describes her mother as "a Choctaw Indian." 81. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isaac Freeman, he says that his mother was "a Choctaw Indian."

Federal Writers' Project. "North Carolina Narratives, Part 1." Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, 1936-1938. https://www.loc.gov/item/mesn001/. 1. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Anderson, he describes his mother as "a full-blooded Cherokee Indian" and his father as a "mulatto." 2. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa King, she says that her father was "an Indian man" and her mother was "a yellow woman." 3. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Strother, she mentions that her grandmother was "a full-blooded Indian woman." 4. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Andrew Smith, he says that his mother was "a half-breed Indian woman" and his father was "an Englishman." 5. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Durham, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" and her father was "a white man." 6. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Allen Woods, he says that his father was "a half-breed Indian" and his mother was "a yellow woman." 7. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Margaret Brown, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" and her father was "a white man." 8. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Easter Owens, she mentions that her mother was "a full-blooded Cherokee Indian." 9. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Edmond Johnson, he says that his father was "an Indian man" and his mother was "a mulatto." 10. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Martha Johnson, she describes her grandmother as "an Indian woman" who was married to "a white man 11. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Jane Boyer, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 12. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Ellen Perry, she mentions that her father was "a Creek Indian" who lived in Georgia. 13. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Dock Lockhart, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was taken from her family and sold into slavery. 14. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Amanda Barnes, she says that her grandmother was "a Creek Indian" who was captured by slave traders. 15. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Anderson McGee, he says that his grandmother was "an Indian woman" who was forced to marry a white man and then sold into slavery. 16. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isaac Rankin, he describes his father as "a half-breed Indian" and his mother as "a mulatto woman." 17. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucy Brown, she mentions that her grandmother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 18. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Randall Snipes, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was taken from her family and sold into slavery. 19. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Fannie Berry, she says that her mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 20. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Toney Mason, he says that his mother was "a full-blooded Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 21. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Patsy Gilliam, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 22. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jim Johnson, he mentions that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 23. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mandy McRae, she says that her grandmother was "a full-blooded Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 24. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jordan West, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery when he was a child. 25. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Amanda Cofer, she says that her mother was "a full-blooded Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 26. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter Tyner, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery when he was a child. 27. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Harper, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery when she was a child. 28. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Will Lewis, he says that his grandmother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 29. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Haithcock, she mentions that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was taken from her family and sold into slavery. 30. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Harrison, he describes his father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery when he was a child. 31. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lula Haggins, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 32. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Sam Johnson, he mentions that his father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 33. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Eliza Roper, she describes her father as "a full-blooded Indian man." 34. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack Lawrence, he says that his father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 35. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Jones, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 36. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isham Smith, he describes his mother as "a half-Indian woman 37. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Tom Worth, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery when he was a child. 38. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Viney Little, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 39. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Allen Burrell, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 40. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Martha Miles, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 41. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jerry Davis, he describes his father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 42. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Jane Johnson, she mentions that her grandmother was "a full-blooded Creek Indian" who was captured and sold into slavery. 43. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Henry Dunston, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 44. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sally Jacobs, she describes her mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 45. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isaac Hartsfield, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 46. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mandy Goss, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 47. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Bob Hairston, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 48. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Nancy Wadkins, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 49. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Richard Powell, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 50. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Fanny Suggs, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 51. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Harry Hairston, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 52. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Daphney Cole, she mentions that her grandmother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 53. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Tom Johnson, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 54. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Alice Johnson, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 55. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Wood, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 56. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Susan Mitchell, she describes her mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 57. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Samuel Mills, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery when he was a child. 58. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Fanny Alexander, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 59. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Stephen Turner, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 60. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Eliza Hairston, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 61. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Bob Mayfield, he describes his father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 62. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Smith, she mentions that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 63. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Robert Searcy, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 64. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Maria Brooks, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 65. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Gilliam, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 66. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Maria Davis, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 67. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Foster, he describes his father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 68. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucy Parker, she mentions that her grandmother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 69. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Eli Carr, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 70. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sarah Giles, she describes her mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 71. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named William Thompson, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 72. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Maria Ingram, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 73. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Alex Foster, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 74. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Julia Simmons, she mentions that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 75. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John McManus, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 76. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Emily Stewart, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 77. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Joseph Barber, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 78. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lila Goss, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 79. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jacob Raby, he describes his father as "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Hattie Barnes, she mentions that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Abram Reid, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 1. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Peggy Barnett, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 2. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Brown, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 3. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Edith Cofer, she mentions that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 4. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Eli Haskins, he says that his father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 5. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Jeffreys, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 6. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Andrew Dunston, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 7. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucinda Barnes, she says that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 8. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Nathan Hairston, he describes his 9. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Searcy, she mentions that her mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 10. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter Haithcock, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery when he was a child. 11. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Newsome, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 12. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Allen Grier, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 13. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Maria Ellis, she mentions that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 14. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jerry Mills, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 15. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Bell, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 16. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack Patterson, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 17. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Elvira Harris, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 18. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isaac McAdoo, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 19. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Pheobe Suggs, she mentions that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 20. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named William Scott, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 21. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Carter, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 22. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Alston, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 23. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Violet Harris, she mentions that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 24. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named James Satterfield, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 25. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Caroline Branch, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 26. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter J. McDowell, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 27. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Ann Gilmore, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 28. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Alonzo Sherrill, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 29. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Carpenter, she mentions that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 30. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter Simmons, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 31. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Milly Henderson, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 32. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Edmond Biggs, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 33. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Jane Amey, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 34. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Samson Jeffries, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 35. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Emily Taylor, she mentions that her father was "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 36. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Harry Sheppard, he describes his mother as "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 37. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Edith Russell, she says that her father was "an Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 38. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Anthony Hairston, he mentions that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 39. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Hannah Sheppard, she describes her father as "an Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 40. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Tom Dumas, he says that his mother was "an Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 41. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isham Henderson, he says that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 42. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mariah Hairston, she mentions that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 43. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Aaron Ramsey, he describes his mother as "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 44. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Brandon, she says that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 45. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George H. Amis, he mentions that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 46. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Amy Smith, she describes her father as "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 47. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Richard Cox, he says that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 48. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Phyllis Gibbs, she mentions that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 49. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named James Lucas, he describes his mother as "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 50. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Esther Martin, she says that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 51. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucinda Dove, she says that her mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 52. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Harrington, he mentions that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 53. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Matilda McArthur, she describes her father as "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 54. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Reaves, he says that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 55. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Minerva Fox, she mentions that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 56. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Elias Thomas, he describes his mother as "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 57. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Elizabeth Richardson, she says that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 58. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Tom Clark, he mentions that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 59. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Hardin, she describes her father as "a Creek Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 60. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Robert Hicks, he says that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 61. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Delilah Clayton, she says that her mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 62. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter Roberts, he mentions that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 63. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Ellen McLean, she describes her father as "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 64. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named William Townsend, he says that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 65. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Henderson, she mentions that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 66. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Henry Eaton, he describes his mother as "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 67. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Adaline Watts, she says that her father was "a Creek Indian man" who was sold into slavery. 68. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named George Davis, he mentions that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 69. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Phillis Mayfield, she describes her father as "a Creek Indian man" who was captured and sold into slavery. 70. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Thomas Brooks, he says that his mother was "a Creek Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 71. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Chavers, she mentions that her mother was "a free Indian woman" who married a slave. 72. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isaac Thomas, he describes his mother as "a half-breed Indian woman" who was owned by a white man. 73. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Nancy Jones, she says that her mother was "a full-blooded Indian woman" who was enslaved. 74. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Joe James, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who lived in Robeson County. 75. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Brandon, she describes her grandmother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 76. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Felix Hall, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was captured and sold into slavery. 77. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Emily Edmonds, she describes her grandmother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 78. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Adam Strong, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 79. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Alice Ross, she says that her father was "a Lumbee Indian man" who was enslaved. 80. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Reuben Lowry, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 81. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Betsy Washington, she describes her grandmother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 82. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jim McDuffie, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 83. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Locklear, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 84. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.D. Sampson, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 85. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Henrietta Goins, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 86. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Smith, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 87. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Caroline Chavis, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 88. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jesse Woods, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 89. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Sampson, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 90. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.E. Bryant, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 91. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Susan Williams, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 92. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Henry Berry, he describes his grandmother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 93. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Brooks, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 94. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named James Thompson, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 95. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucinda Kersey, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 96. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Robert Miller, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 97. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Burns, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 98. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack Lo 99. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mariah Miller, she mentions that her grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 100. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Robert Martin, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 101. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Celia Locklear, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 102. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Stephen Blue, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 103. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Delia Locklear, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 104. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Dave Jacobs, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 105. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Eliza Mitchell, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 106. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sarah Jacobs, she mentions that her grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 107. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Joe Blue, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was sold into slavery. 108. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Matilda Locklear, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 109. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Patsy Coleman, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 110. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.H. Clark, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 111. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary McLean, she says that her father was "a Lumbee Indian man" who was enslaved. 112. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack Bryant, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 113. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sophia Brown, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 114. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Richard Alford, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 115. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Millie Ann Brown, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 116. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named P.D. Locklear, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 117. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Hannah Lowry, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 118. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named William Freeman, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 119. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Edward S. Ray, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 120. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Easter Revels, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 121. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Burrell Lowry, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 122. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Amanda Chavis, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 123. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named J.D. Oxendine, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 124. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Harris, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 125. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Alfred Lowry, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 126. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sally Ann Sampson, she describes her mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 127. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jacob Oxendine, he mentions that his grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 128. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Jane Williams, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 129. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Adeline Cummings, she mentions that her grandmother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 130. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Wesley Locklear, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 131. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Oxendine, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 132. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Cain Lowry, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 133. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Martha Ann Revels, she describes her father as "a Lumbee Indian man" who was enslaved. 134. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Miles McLeod, he mentions that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 135. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Emily Cummings, she says that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 136. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jesse Locklear, he describes his mother as "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 137. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Betty Jane Chavis, she mentions that her mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 138. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Levi Chavis, he says that his mother was "a Lumbee Indian woman" who was enslaved. 139. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Martha Brigman, she mentions that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 140. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Lewis Henderson, he describes his father as "half Choctaw Indian." 141. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Harriet Oxendine, she mentions that her grandmother was "part Choctaw Indian." 142. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Peter Lewis, he describes his mother as "half Choctaw." 143. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Ann Jones, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 144. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Abram Jacobs, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw." 145. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lizzie Brayboy, she describes her mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 146. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named John Lowry, he says that his father was "part Choctaw." 147. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Louisa Harris, she mentions that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 148. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jim Walker, he describes his mother as "a Choctaw Indian." 149. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Becky Jane McLeod, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw." 150. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named David Freeman, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw." 151. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Esther Locklear, she mentions that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 152. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Sampson Jacobs, he describes his mother as "part Choctaw." 153. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Rachel Chavis, she says that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 154. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Jack McLeod, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 155. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Jane Jones, she describes her mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 156. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Martin Bunch, he says that his grandmother was "a Choctaw Indian." 157. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Sarah Harris, she mentions that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 158. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Nelson Locklear, he describes his mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 159. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Nancy Freeman, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 160. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named David Jacobs, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw." 161. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Mary Locklear, she says that her mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 162. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Richard Brayboy, he mentions that his mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 163. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Dinah Freeman, she describes her mother as "part Choctaw Indian." 164. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named James Lewis, he says that his grandmother was "a Choctaw Indian." 165. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Easter McLeod, she mentions that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 166. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Dennis Lowry, he describes his mother as "part Choctaw." 167. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Susan Harris, she says that her mother was "part Choctaw Indian." 168. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Henry Harris, he mentions that his mother was "a Choctaw Indian." 169. In an interview with a formerly enslaved woman named Lucinda McPherson, she describes her mother as "a Choctaw Indian." 170. In an interview with a formerly enslaved man named Isaac Freeman, he says that his mother was "a Choctaw Indian."

EARLY HISTORY OF THE CREEK INDIANS AND THEIR NEIGHBORS https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofcr00swanrich/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater

Digital Library on American Slavery People Not Property - Slave Deeds of North Carolina https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/deeds/

Digitized Index to the Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory (Dawes) https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/final-rolls.html

CHAPMAN ROLL EASTERN CHEROKEES 1851 The Chapman Roll was taken in 1851 by Alfred Chapman . This roll, which followed almost immediately the Siler Roll, was a result of many complaints by various Cherokees of having been omitted by Siler (see Cherokee Census Rolls ). I'm happy to announce that Barbara Benge has been working on the Siler Roll and now has it online. You will want to view the two rolls together. Siler added interesting family information on many of the enrollees - who was married to whom, who a child belonged to, full-blood, mixed, or white married to Cherokee. By studying the two rolls together you get a more complete picture of the families. Keep in mind that it was the Chapman Roll which was a major criteria for admittance to the Guion Miller Roll of Eastern Cherokees in 1906-1909. Be sure to visit the Siler Roll while you are viewing the Chapman Roll. The copy of the Chapman roll which I have used is found on M685 Roll #12, which is the set of microfilms used in my series of books Cherokee by Blood. Guion Miller used these particular rolls in determining who was eligible to be admitted to the Miller Roll. He made notes on these early rolls signifying the Miller Application number of descendants of particular families. These notations are listed beside the individual's name and inclosed in []. This is very helpful to those of us who are searching for these families today. Please note however, that just because a [number] does not appear beside various families it does not mean that no descendant applied. https://www.tngenweb.org/cherokee_by_blood/chapman.htm

• Baker Rolls 1924 An act of Congress of June 4, 1924 (43 Stat. 376), established the Eastern Cherokee Enrolling Commission to determine membership for the Eastern Band of Cherokees and to place its tribal lands into Federal trust. Charged with identifying membership for the Eastern Band of Cherokees, the Commission created, collected, and compiled data from older rolls and tribal censuses. Known as the Baker Roll, after Fred A. Baker, these records include indexes, applications, testimony, correspondence, decisions of the Eastern Enrolling Commission, and reports. Note, the roll can include deceased individuals. Information in the applications includes: • Applicant's name, age, and degree of Indian blood (Includes maiden name if applicable) • Name of ancestor(s) and relationship from whom claiming descent (Includes evidence for Cherokee lineage) • Degree of Indian blood and residence of mother and father • Names of children • Spouse name and degree of Indian blood • Residences • Individual enrollment number • Cross-referenced numbers from the Hester and Churchill Rolls • Remarks https://www.archives.gov/files/research/microfilm/m2104.pdf

Index to the Applications Submitted for the Eastern Cherokee Roll of 1909 https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/guion-miller.html

Free Blacks and Slave Blacks of Philadelphia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ibZVONUXxQ Quick Lesson 23: No. Records Do Not Speak for Themselves (Free Blacks attmpted to be made slaves by Fraud https://www.evidenceexplained.com/content/quick-lesson-23-no-records-do-not-speak-themselves When Alabama turned up the heat on free blacks before Civil War, some of them chose slavery https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2015/02/when_alabama_turned_up_the_hea.html Black Oxford Lexico 2 (also Black) Belonging to or denoting a human group having dark-colored skin, especially of sub-Saharan African ancestry. See black ‘he discusses the position of black people in America’ https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/black

Black Codes : Black’s Law Dictionary 6th edition page 170 ONLY APPLIES TO SLAVES NOT FREE BLACK PEOPLE

During these years it was not uncommon for free persons of color to own slaves themselves. The 1830 Federal Census noted ten different free black persons in Madison County owning 15 slaves, Betsey Davis and Jacob Broyles each owned one slave for instance. By 1840 three owners had eight slaves between them, and among them two women, Nancy Jones and Elizabeth Barker, owned one slave each. In 1850 three owners had eight slaves that included Henry Walker, a blacksmith who owned four slaves and Charles and William Sampson, also blacksmiths, who owned two slaves each. Most often these slaves appeared to be spouses or children of the freedman. The 1860 census offered a separate Slave Schedule and none of those previously listed as slave owners were listed still as owners. One hopes these people were able to purchase those slaves who might be family members. Oxford definition of Black https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=Dictionary+Black+a+member+of+any+dark+skinned+people+especially+one+of+african+or+australian+aboriginal+ancestry&source=bl&ots=T-eybsmHBP&sig=ACfU3U312lrzF-LUuOO0Bkt9BMMBI3cj-Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLhcyotsrxAhXVtp4KHUBJB6MQ6AEwBnoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20Black%20a%20member%20of%20any%20dark%20skinned%20people%20especially%20one%20of%20african%20or%20australian%20aboriginal%20ancestry&f=false Malcolm X on Aboriginal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IB9NiMaeigM Aboriginal Australians know they are Black Fed-up Australian Aboriginal woman calls out racist Americans for calling her Mexican and insisting she's 'not black' because of the shade of her skin 'I am not Mexican. Aboriginal Australians, that's what I am, we identify as black. Black fellas. As black fellas we also believe it's not the colour of your skin that defines your blackness. 'Because at the end of the day it doesn't matter how much milk you add to that tea, it's still going to be tea.' https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9638261/Aboriginal-woman-slams-ignorant-Americans-say-isnt-black.html

NATIONWIDE RUNAWAYS DATABASES: Freedom on the Move. Runaway Slave Ads from across the Country. You can do a Search for advertisements included in this Collection. I suggest that you put the name of the State you want in the Search Engine, and you will get a number of ads for that location. https://app.freedomonthemove.org/ Runaway Slave Newspaper Advertisements From "American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses" by Theodore D. Weld http://genealogytrails.com/main/slaveadverts.html The Adverts 250 Project: Slavery Advertisements. An Exploration of Advertising in Colonial America 250 Years Ago This Week. The Slavery Adverts 250 Project chronicles the role of newspaper advertising in perpetuating slavery in the era of the American Revolution. The project seeks to reveal the ubiquity of slavery in eighteenth-century life from New England to Georgia by republishing advertisements for slaves – for sale, wanted to purchase, runaways, captured fugitives. (To view previous ads, click onto the Archives dates) https://adverts250project.org/2020/09/04/slavery-advertisements-published-september-4-1770/ =========================== CANADA: Index to Black Pioneers History The links on this page will take you to various articles, period papers and other records of the Black Pioneers. https://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/blkpion/blklist.htm AFRICAN NOVA SCOTIANS: THE BOOK OF NEGROES ~ Searchable files https://novascotia.ca/archives/Africanns/BN.asp Runaway Slave Advertisements from Loyalist Newspapers of the Maritime Colonies (Canada) (A Western Washington University Seniors Project) Analysis of numerous Canadian Slave Ads; the transcriptions of the ads begin on image 36 (Page 34) of this document: https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=wwu_honors ============================== CEMETERY, DEATH & OBITUARY RECORDS: Legacy.com. search for obits, death notices, funeral homes; a very powerful search engine. https://www.legacy.com/ Find-A-Grave- https://www.findagrave.com/ Cemetery Census has an extensive collection of North Carolina Cemeteries for each County, but they are also expanding to a few other States and have a select number of burials for about 10 other States right now: http://cemeterycensus.com/ The USGenWeb Tombstone Transcription Project Has Listings for all States as well as some Military and Foreign Special Projects. Includes photos for various listings, too. Select the Listings you wish to view from this home page: http://www.usgwtombstones.org/ Interment was once the only Cemetery website around and has changed a lot over the years, but it still offers a number of listings in a searchable database: http://www.interment.net/ The Social Security Death Index is available for free access on these following sites: https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1202535 https://www.genealogybank.com/explore/ssdi/all?kbid=10435 https://go.fold3.com/ssdi/ Search in a number of ways on the Social Security Death Master File website: http://ssdmf.info/ ======================== FREEDMEN'S MARRIAGES: United States, Freedmen's Bureau Marriages, 1861-1872. Free database from FamilySearch. These records consist of unbound marriage certificates, marriage licenses, monthly reports of marriages and other proofs of marriages. The records are part of the records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, part of National Archives Record Group 105 and were compiled from 1861 through 1872. Includes records from the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Not as extensive as Ancestry's, but worth searching for your ancestors Marriages: https://familysearch.org/search/collection/1414908 U.S., Freedmen’s Bureau Marriage Records, 1846-1867 Ancestry(dot)com (subscription service) database which claims records for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. Some of those contain only 1 or 2 records; Arkansas & Missouri have Monthly Marriage books; Virginia has an Undated Marriage Report, and Marriaged performed by 1 minister in 1861. But the best collections are for Louisiana, District of Columbia, Florida, Mississippi, & Tennessee which contain several hundred pages of marriages. This database is similar to one on FamilySearch, only more extensive: http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1231 ALSO, See our File giving specifics about which States and where to find COHABITATION SLAVE MARRIAGES: https://www.facebook.com/notes/188373451214240/Cohabitation%20Slave%20Marriage%20Info%20by%20State/1374292109289029/ ================= DOCUMENTING SLAVES: There are a couple of projects to contribute your Slave Name information: The Beyond Kin Project Research Directory of Slaves and Slaveowners Enslaved Population Research Directory. We encourage all who are researching the enslaved populations of former slaveholding institutions to register here, promoting collaboration. https://beyondkin.org/ -------------------- If you wish to document Enslaved people in your tree, you might want to check this out. Documenting the Enslaved in Your Family Tree. How to document Slaves found in your Ancestors' records. Join Crista Cowan for a look at how those with ancestors who were slaveholders can assist our African American friends and family by documenting the lives of those enslaved. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URrn71yOQzY&feature=youtu.be Black Craftspeople Digital Archive https://archive.blackcraftspeople.org/

STATE SPECIFIC DATABASES FOR RESEARCHING: ALABAMA: Macon County, Alabama Appraisement & Inventory of Slaves in Wills, Probates and Other Documents http://www.dollsgen.com/wills.htm Alabama 1867 Voter Registration Records Database. This database was created by staff and volunteers from the entries in the 131 volumes of the 1867 Voter Registration Records maintained by the Alabama Department of Archives and History (ADAH). The volumes are significant genealogical records as this is one of the first statewide government documents that record African-American males living in Alabama. Because no index existed for individual volumes or for the records as a whole, and because of the deteriorating condition of the records, in 2004 ADAH staff began scanning the documents and keying the data from each entry into a computer database. When a successful search retrieves a name from the database, an image of the page where the entry resides will also be available for your use. http://www.archives.alabama.gov/voterreg/index.cfm Alabama World War I Service Cards This collection consists of index cards with personal details about Alabamians who served in the armed forces during World War I. Information recorded may include name, race, age, date and place of birth, home address, date and location of induction, units served in, rank, engagements, wounds, dates and locations of service, date of discharge, and other remarks. The amount of information varies on each card. http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/landingpage/collection/p17217coll3 Alabama Civil War Service Cards File. This database was created from an 8 x 5 card file maintained by the Alabama Department of Archives and History from the early 1900s until 1982. As staff came across information related to Alabama individuals during the American Civil War, a card was created. Information on individuals exempted from military service, or who served in the militia or home guard, is included. Soldiers from other states that have some connection to Alabama are also included. If new information was discovered from another source, another card was created. Multiple cards for an individual often exist. Sources include muster rolls, governors' correspondence, veterans' censuses, manuscript collections, newspapers, and pension records. Names, places and events are often inconsistently spelled. This card file is in no way inclusive. Not every individual who served from Alabama is present in the card file. Every card contains empty fields. Because much of the documentation relating to the Army of Tennessee was lost, soldiers that served in that army tend to be poorly documented. The cards are arranged alphabetically by last name. Since all of this information is available online, the actual cards are closed. These records includes Slaves who participated in the War. http://www.archives.alabama.gov/civilwar/index.cfm 1866 Alabama State Census Colored Population, Dallas County, AL http://www.prairiebluff.com/census/1866Dallas.htm WPA Alabama Writers' Project The Works Progress Administration (WPA), the principal relief agency of the second New Deal, was an attempt to provide work rather than welfare during the Great Depression. Under the WPA, buildings, roads, airports and schools were constructed. Actors, painters, musicians and writers were employed through the Federal Theater Project, the Federal Art Project and the Federal Writers’ Project. This collection contains 145 folders (approximately 6,900 pages) of Federal Writers’ Project of Alabama material composed between 1936 and 1940. Primary topics covered in the collection are ex-slave tales, life histories, short stories, and folklore of Alabama life. http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/landingpage/collection/wpa FLORIDA: Florida Freedmen’s Records Collections: https://www.floridamemory.com/find?keywords=freedmen Jefferson County, Florida Freedmen's Contract, 1867 State of Florida, Jefferson County Articles of agreement, made and concluded this 30th day of January A.D. 1867 at Elbo plantation in the County and state aforesaid between S.B. Alexander, of the first part and the following named, Laborers, Viz. Westley Bryant, Pinckney Bryant, Frank Bryant, Albert Bryant, Mary Bryant, Jim Queen, Ellen Queen, Smart White, Ben White Robin White, Luvenia Brown, Sandy Marry, Peggy, Queen, all of the County and state aforesaid of the second part. {continue to read & view the entire contract online} https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/269122 Florida Researchers: Jefferson County Freedmen's Contracts. This set of freedmen's contracts contains handwritten agreements between landowners in Jefferson County and laborers, primarily, African-Americans, who agreed to farm the land in exchange for a share of the crop and the means necessary to live and complete their work. They are part of a larger collection of Jefferson County court documents held by the State Archives of Florida (Series L 346), which covers a broad period from the 1820s to the 1950s. The Freedmen's Bureau, established in 1865 by the United States government to assist former slaves through the difficulties attending the end of the Civil War, helped landowners and laborers write these contracts, and filed them in the county's records. I suggest you select "Browse All Contracts" to see which contracts they have, there might be something for your ancestors from Florida, or one of the surrounding States. https://www.floridamemory.com/discover/historical_records/freedmen/ Florida Voter Registration Rolls, 1867-68. These records list individuals who registered to vote in the State of Florida in 1867 and 1868. The lists are unique in that they are the first voter rolls in Florida to systematically include African-Americans. They are digital images, linked to the names of those who registered. https://www.floridamemory.com/discover/historical_records/election1867/ Florida: The Zephaniah Kingsley Papers Zephaniah Kingsley was both a defender of slavery (albeit the system practiced under Spanish rule) as well as an aggressive activist for the legal rights of free blacks. Born in Bristol, England in 1765, Kingsley moved to Charleston, South Carolina, which was then a British colony, in 1770. By the 1790s, Zephaniah was active in maritime commerce, including slave trading. He spent time in London, Denmark, and Charleston. In 1803, Kingsley became a citizen of Spanish Florida and began purchasing land in Northeast Florida. He owned four plantations by 1811. In Havana, Cuba in 1806, Kingsley purchased a teenager from the Jolof region of Senegal in West Africa named Anta Majigeen Ndiaye, whom he then freed and made his wife: Anna Kingsley. When the United States assumed control of Florida from Spain in 1821, it agreed to honor the rights of the territory's free blacks. Over the next three decades, however, state and local laws and customs slowly eroded the rights of these U.S. citizens. By the 1840s and 1850s, many free blacks, including many who were born free, were forced into slavery. By the end of his life, Zephaniah was embittered by the racial discrimination practiced in Florida's antebellum society and became concerned over the fate of his wife and children. Through the terms of his will, Kingsley sought to ensure the freedom and financial well-being of the children he had by various women (slave and free) as well as his wife, Anna. In 1835, fearing for the safety of his wife and children in Florida, Kingsley made preparations to send his family to Haiti. By 1838, Anna and her children were Haitian residents. View the digital collection of these papers: https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/327011 GEORGIA: Georgia Runaway slave ads, Savannah Republican, 1819-1823. Compiled by Emma Rountree, DH Summer Intern, 2014 http://www.davenporthousemuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Runaway-slave-ads.pdf ILLINOIS: Illinois Servitude and Emancipation Records (1722–1863) Illinois State Archives This database includes approximately 3,400 names found in governmental records involving the servitude and emancipation of Africans and, occasionally, Indians in the French and English eras of colonial Illinois (1722–1790) and African-Americans in the American period of Illinois (1790–1863). The Archives extracted the names of servants, slaves, or free persons and masters, witnesses, or related parties from selected governmental records to produce this database. After searching the database, researchers can see an abstract of the record by clicking the record number of the appropriate entry. https://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/databases/servant.html LOUISIANA: Louisiana. Parish Court (Orleans Parish) Index to Slave Emancipation Petitions, 1814-1843 http://nutrias.org/~nopl/inv/vcp/emancip.htm African American Louisiana Genealogy Research Explore your family history by exploring documents, public resources, courthouse records, collecting oral history and so much more. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uR7wxXIzRv8 THE LOUISIANA SLAVE DATABASE AND THE LOUISIANA FREE DATABASE: 1719-1820. These databases were created almost entirely from original, manuscript documents located in courthouses and historical archives throughout the State of Louisiana. The project lasted 15 years but was funded for only five of these years. Some records were entered from original manuscript documents housed in archives in France, in Spain, and in Cuba and at the University of Texas in Austin as well. Some were entered from published books and journals. Some of the Atlantic slave trade records were entered from the Harvard Dubois Center Atlantic Slave Trade Dataset. Information for a few records was supplied from unpublished research of other scholars. Description: http://www.afrigeneas.com/library/louisiana/ Database: http://www.ibiblio.org/laslave/introduction.php Inward Slave Manifests, Port of New Orleans: 1818-1860. http://www.afrigeneas.com/slavedata/manifests.html MARYLAND: Searching for Ancestors Who Were Slaves: An Index to the Freedom Records of Prince George's County Maryland, 1808-1869 Electronic and card index to free blacks and former owners listed in Prince George's County records, created in typescript by Louise Joyner Hienton in 1971. It is identified as Index 38 and contains approximately 18,200 cards. Card index scanned in 2000 and placed in searchable format on the web site. Entries give name of owner; name, age, and complexion of free black; how freed; date; and citation. Slave statistic entries also give military service and election district. http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1400/s1411/html/index38.html Runaway Slave Ads- Baltimore County, Maryland, 1842-1863 http://www.afrigeneas.com/library/runaway_ads/balt-intro.html Blacks Residing in Baltimore, 1810-1866: http://www.afrigeneas.com/library/baltimore/ MISSISSIPPI: (Note: The site has been moving records around so if you don’t see them after clicking onto the links, do a search right on the website for the collection) Mississippi Digital Archives: County Tax Rolls, 1818-1902 The series contains records of taxes assessed on personal property and land owned by residents of Mississippi counties. From 1818 until 1841 the personal property and land taxes were recorded in a combined roll. After 1841 the two were split into separate rolls. Types of personal property that were taxable changed several times during the time period covered by these tax rolls and included such categories as slaves, livestock, horses, carriages, musical instruments, watches, jewelry, guns, knives, cash, securities, clocks, bowling alleys, theatres, racetracks, and furniture. http://da.mdah.ms.gov/series/osa/s1202 Mississippi: Territorial Tax Rolls 1802-1817 http://da.mdah.ms.gov/series/territorial/510 Mississippi: Confederate Pension Rolls 1889-1935 http://da.mdah.ms.gov/series/osa/354 Mississippi: The Record of Bolivar County in the World War, 1917-1919. This scrapbook was compiled by the Mississippi Delta Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Bolivar County to document county contributions to the war effort during World War I. Containing a roster of black and white soldiers from Bolivar County, photographs, news clippings, and reports from war organizations in Bolivar County, the scrapbook primarily documents home front activities but does incorporate some material from soldiers overseas. http://da.mdah.ms.gov/series/z0207wwibolivar Mississippi World War I Statement of Service Cards and Indices. Congress passed a law in 1919 that authorized the Secretaries of War and the Navy to prepare and provide each state with statement of service cards for all service members from that state mustered during World War I. The cards of service members from Mississippi were transferred to MDAH by the state’s Veterans Affairs Board in 1997 and are available here along with indices listing name, race, rank and other details. http://da.mdah.ms.gov/wwicards/ Educable Children Records (Mississippi), 1850-1894; 1906-1965 These records from MDAH collections, digitized by FamilySearch, include lists of educable (school age) children submitted by Mississippi counties to the state's Secretary of State and Department of Education. The earliest records, dating 1850-1894, are lists prepared by counties and filed with the Secretary of State. Records dating 1906-1965 include lists prepared by the Superintendent of Education in each county and filed with the Department of Education. Series 105, dating 1850-1894, contains lists prepared by counties and filed with the Secretary of State. The 1850 and 1851 lists include only the head of the household and the number of white or free black children by gender. The 1878 lists include the name of the child, age, gender, race, and election district or ward. The 1879 and 1880 lists do not have the election district/ward information. The 1885 lists add the name of the parent or guardian. The 1892 lists add the street and house number (where recorded), but are divided by race within each township and range. No schools are named in any of the lists. Series 21, dating 1906-1965, contains lists prepared by the Superintendent of Education in each county and filed with the Department of Education. The lists are arranged by school within the county and thereunder by parents' names. In addition to parents' and students' names, information on the lists includes age, gender, reason for withdrawal from school, status in school, whether the student was subject to the compulsory attendance law, and a general address. Students between the ages of 6 and 20 were included in these lists. http://da.mdah.ms.gov/educablechildren/ Mississippi, Wilkinson County Newspaper Slave Ads, 1823-1849. (Ancestry .com subscription required) This is a digital index of slave ads and other slave related items in the Woodville Republican and Wilkinson County Advertiser between 1823-1849. The records were compiled by Roberta Louise Burns Hofmann in her book From Natchez to New Orleans: Slaves, Slaveholders and Slavery in the Woodville Republican & Wilkinson County Advertiser, 1823-1849. Both of these newspapers were popular along the Mississippi River between New Orleans, Louisiana, and Natchez, Mississippi. The index includes the name of every slave, slave owner, and plantation that was included in either of the two newspapers. These primarily came from advertisements that related to slaves. Ads were placed for notices of runaway slaves or notification for slave sales. There were also ads by the sheriff of the county for runaway slaves that were in his custody. https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1943 MISSOURI: St. Louis Circuit Court - Freedom Suits Case Files, 1814-1860 These case files consist of 301 legal petitions for freedom by people of color originally filed in St. Louis courts between 1814 and 1860. They make up the largest corpus of freedom suits currently available to researchers in the United States. http://digital.wustl.edu/legalencodingproject/ NORTH CAROLINA: ENSLAVED ANCESTORS ABSTRACTED FROM DEED BOOKS GRANVILLE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, DEED BOOKS A-Z & 1-21, 1746-1864 Dr. Barnetta McGhee White has created an extraordinary database of Slave activity in deed books showing transactions for purchasing, mortgaging, deeds of gifts, and other exchanges giving slave names which can help in researching those with slave ancestors from the Granville County area: https://www.afrigeneas.com/library/ncdeeds/ Plantations of North Carolina. Documented Slave Plantations of North Carolina is a comprehensive database of various plantations derived from a variety of information mediums. Includes Slaveowner information and Slave Names: https://www.ncgenweb.us/ncstate/plantations/nc_plantations.html North Carolina Freedmen transported to Other States After the Civil War, when there were hundreds of thousands of newly emancipated Slaves in North Carolina, many of them moved to the Western part of the State with the hopes of finding jobs or some ways of feeding their families. Mecklenburg Co. became the hub of Freedmen activity where the U.S. Government arranged for plantation owners from the Deep South to contract with the former slaves for employment, in return for wages, food, clothing and shelter. There were many thousands of Freedmen who signed up for the jobs, most included moving their entire families with them to their new locations. If your ancestors were living in some of the other Southern States, but were listed as born in NC, it's very possible they may have been some of the men, women and children who were transported there as part of this program. Following is a listing of names from those records. https://www.ncgenweb.us/ncstate/afam/freedmen.htm U.S. COLORED TROOPS Formed in North Carolina: https://www.ncgenweb.us/ncusct/usct.htm Buncombe County, NC Slave Deeds Early Buncombe County slave deeds and co-habitation records have become available to the public on the Buncombe County website. The Register of Deeds office is very progressive and has made all kinds of vital records available publicly. https://www.obcgs.com/research-resources/buncombe-county-slave-deeds/ Johnston County, North Carolina, Slave Name Index. This is the description page about the records used to create the database. Click onto the Search link near the top search either by Slave name or Slaveowners surname: https://www.johnstonnc.com/heritage2/hccontent.cfm?PID=slave Duke University Behind the Veil Collections. Documenting African American Life in the Jim Crow South. Audio interviews done in the early 1900's from Charlotte (77), Durham (44), & Enfield (73) with individuals born in many different North Carolina Counties and some from the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia & Mississippi, provides first hand accounts of life during that time period. You might find some of your own ancestors among these, and perhaps hear their voices for the first time. https://repository.duke.edu/dc/behindtheveil Slave Records from the research of P. A. Miller She has abstracted names of Slaves from various Families and States in her research, and has sorted them a database by State and County. States represented here are Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Maryland: http://genpamiller.x10.mx/genealogy/docs/slaverecords/index.htm North Carolina, Freedmen's Bureau Field Office Records (FamilySearch Historical Records) This collection consists of scanned images of records from National Archives microfilm publication M1909 Records of the Field Offices for the State of North Carolina, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands which is part of Record Group 105 Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. The images are generally arranged in the order the records were microfilmed with the records of the Assistant Commissioner who oversaw Bureau operations in the state and state level staff officers; Superintendent of Education, Inspector, Chief Quartermaster and Disbursing Officer, Surgeon, first then the local field office records are arranged alphabetically by location and by NARA roll number. Hospitals were established by the Freedmen’s Bureau in Raleigh, Newberne, Beaufort, Roanoke Island, Kinston, Wilmington, Salisbury and Charlotte. Smallpox hospitals were also established in Beaufort, Newberne, Raleigh, Greensboro and Wilmington. https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/North_Carolina,_Freedmen%27s_Bureau_Field_Office_Records_(FamilySearch_Historical_Records) List of Freedpeople Who Lived in Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony. In February 1862, the Union Troops had captured Roanoke Island in North Carolina where it remained a stronghold until after the War. Once slaves in or near the occupied areas of North Carolina heard that the Union army had established a foothold, they streamed across Union lines with hopes of obtaining freedom. Within weeks of the establishment of official occupation, large numbers of slaves organized themselves into refugee camps at or near Union headquarters in the occupied areas. Following the lead of General Benjamin Butler at Fortress Monroe, General Burnside concluded that the former slaves should be considered “contraband” of war and granted them the status of freedmen. He ordered the officers in charge of the local occupations to provide charitable support and to put the able-bodied men to work, especially in the construction of fortifications and docks. During the first few months of the Union occupation of Roanoke Island, over 250 former slaves settled in a camp close to Union headquarters. By the end of the year, the number had grown to 1,000. Most of the former slaves had escaped to the island from the North Carolina mainland; many were strangers to each other. Nevertheless, they set about to establish a thriving community, including their own school and several churches. As word of the camp spread, more and more former slaves fled to the island. Refugees crowded into some of the old Confederate barracks on the north end of the island in an area that became known as Camp Foster, and sanitation problems appeared likely. Seeking to exert control over the Roanoke Island camp, as well as the other contraband camps in North Carolina, in April 1863 Major General John G. Foster, Commander of the 18th Army Corps, appointed the Reverend Horace James, an evangelical Congregationalist minister and abolitionist from Worcester, Massachusetts, to be “Superintendent of all the Blacks” in the Department of North Carolina. Later that spring, Foster ordered James to help establish an organized colony of former slaves on Roanoke Island. Anticipating that a number of the black men would be recruited into the Union army, the military saw the need to provide a safe sanctuary for the families of the black soldiers. Thus, the contraband camp became an officially recognized colony. In the summer of 1863, James and his assistants laid out what amounted to a New England-style village stretching from Weir’s Point to Pork Point on the north end of the island. Freedpeople were given lots upon which they built their own homes. James thought that small plots of land and domestic manufacturing, along with shad fisheries and a sawmill, would be the keys to the colony’s self-sufficiency and independence. A listing of some of the former slaves, Freedmen, who were living at the Colony in 1866: (From the Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony website) https://www.roanokefreedmenscolony.com/desclist.pdf NC Runaway Slave Advertisements 1750-1865 The North Carolina Runaway Slave Advertisements project provides online access to all known runaway slave advertisements (more than 2300 items) published in North Carolina newspapers from 1751 to 1840. These brief ads provide a glimpse into the social, economic, and cultural world of the American slave system and the specific experience within North Carolina. Working from microfilmed copies of these rare publications, the project team scanned the ads to provide digital images, create full-text transcripts and descriptive metadata, and develop a searchable database. The NCRSA website includes digital scans of the ads, contextual essays to address their historical research value, full text transcripts, an annotated bibliography to aid researchers, and a searchable database. http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/RAS North Carolina Slavery and Bondage Collection https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/North_Carolina_Slavery_and_Bondage_Collection Plantations of North Carolina Many plantations include lists of slaves https://www.ncgenweb.us/ncstate/plantations/nc_plantations.html PENNSYLVANIA: Fugitive Slave Records, 1820-1839, Chester County, PA This index, which covers the time period 1820 - 1839*, is to the evidence gathered in cases in which an African-American was claimed in Chester County as a fugitive slave. The records contain the information specified in “An act to prevent kidnapping,” which was passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature on March 27, 1820. https://www.chesco.org/1722/Fugitive-Slave-Records-1820-1839 SOUTH CAROLINA: South Carolina Plantations This website serves as a repository for information about South Carolina plantations and the people who lived and worked on them. It includes data for more than 2,000 SC plantations listed by County. https://south-carolina-plantations.com/ 1860 Charleston, SC Slaveholders: https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~ajac/genealogy/sccharlestonalpha.htm South Carolina State Archives Digital Collection: https://scdah.sc.gov/research-and-genealogy/online-research/digital-collections South Carolina Record and Image Search: http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov/ TENNESSEE: SLAVE NAMES IN FAYETTE COUNTY, TN Source: Fayette County Will Book A, 1836-1854. The following information was copied from a two-volume transcription owned by the Memphis & Shelby County Library (call number: 929.3 F28w) The title of each record contains the slaveowner's name and the page number of his/her will. Below each title are the names of individual slaves and their dispositions. https://www.spiny.com/naomi/people/slaves/ Runaway Slave Blog of Tennessee This ongoing project is a collection of African American slave names that were printed in west Tennessee newspapers before 1865. These men, women and children were advertised as runaway slaves or listed as property for sale. See the listings: https://www.spiny.com/runaway/ TEXAS: Texas Runaway Slave Project. The Texas Runaway Slave Project (TRSP) is a database of runaway slave advertisements, articles and notices from newspapers published in Texas. The project has so far documented the names of over 1400 runaway slaves from Texas. https://digital.sfasu.edu/digital/collection/RSP VIRGINIA: The Geography of Slavery in Virginia Digital collection of advertisements for runaway slaves, captured slaves & servants in 18th- & 19th-century Virginia newspapers. Over 4000 advertisements for runaway slaves and indentured servants from newspapers in Virginia & Maryland from 1736-1803. Suggest to select "Advertisements" then "Browse the Ads" to get the full benefit of the Names: http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/ Virginia Slaves from, North & South Carolina Slaves brought into Brunswick County, Virginia, from North and South Carolina, 1780 -1781. http://emilyevaughn.com/virginia.htm WASHINGTON D.C.: District of Columbia Court and Emancipation Records, 1820-1863. These records may contain: The information in the records varies by case. You may find any of the following: Name Age or birth date (these may be approximated) Gender Name of former owner Residence Names of other family members or witnesses Document dates Images of National Archives records from three the microfilm publications. Records of the Board of Commissioners for the Emancipation of Slaves in the District of Columbia, 1862-1863, M520, 4 rolls in Records of the Accounting Officers of the Department of the Treasury, RG 217, Records of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia relating to slaves, 1851-1863 M433, 2 rolls and United States. Circuit Court (District of Columbia), Habeas Corpus Case Records, 1820-1863, M434, 2 rolls in Records of the District Courts of the United States in RG 21. Browsable only, not searchable. https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2515818

================================= An Index to Civil War Slave Compensation Claims in Compiled Military Service Records of U.S. Colored Troops. Another resource for finding Slaveholders Names. During the Civil War, an act of Congress allowed loyal slave owners in border states (where slavery was still legal after the Emancipation Proclamation) whose slaves enlisted or were drafted into the U.S. military to file a claim against the Federal government for loss of the slave’s services. Since each slave compensation claim was based on the service of a specific soldier, a copy of the claim’s paperwork was placed in that soldier’s compiled military service record. The regiments of U.S. Colored Troops that have a large number of these claims are the regiments formed in the border-states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri) or in neighboring states. This index includes troops who served the following regiments: Artillery—1st, 4th, 8th, 12th, and 13th Heavy Artillery Regiments, U.S. Colored Troops Cavalry—5th and 6th Cavalry Regiments, U.S. Colored Troops Infantry—4th, 7th, 18th and 19th Infantry Regiments, U.S. Colored Troops These are separately listed by Surnames of the Soldier, and by the Surnames of the Slaveowner. Of note, this shows that many of the soldiers did not take the surnames of their former slaveowners. Click onto the lists at the bottom of the page on the website: https://www.slcl.org/content/civil-war-slave-compensation-claims-compiled-military-service-records-us-colored-troops Race and Slavery Petitions Project The Project offers a searchable database of detailed personal information about slaves, slaveholders, and free people of color. Designed as a tool for scholars, historians, teachers, students, genealogists, and interested citizens, the site provides access to information gathered and analyzed over an eighteen-year period from petitions to southern legislatures and country courts filed between 1775 and 1867 in the fifteen slaveholding states in the United States and the District of Columbia. https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/ The Digital Library on American Slavery is a wonderful online project from the UNC at Greensboro, containing several different collections of records for North Carolina Slaves. Included are the Race & Slavery Petitions Project, the NC Runaway Slave Advertisements, the Transatlantic Trade Database including 86,689 slave names and 34,551 captain names, the Slave Deeds of North Carolina Project which is leading towards a unique, centralized database of bills of sales indexing the names of enslaved people from across North Carolina. https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/ Slavery Era Insurance Registry, CA Insurance companies. Polices from the Slavery era documenting insurance coverage for slaveholders from all States for damage to or death of their slaves: https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/150-other-prog/10-seir/ Slavery Era Insurance Registry,IL Insurance companies. Insurance Policies issued to slaveholders of all States for death or damage of their slaves across the Country: https://web.archive.org/web/20040820062856/www.ins.state.il.us/Consumer/SlaveryReporting.nsf/ Slave Policies Reported to Illinois Division of Insurance: https://insurance.illinois.gov/Consumer/SlaveryInformation/SlavePoliciesReports.pdf Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938. This Library of Congress collection contains more than 2,300 first-person accounts of slavery and 500 black-and-white photographs of former slaves. These narratives were collected in the 1930s as part of the Federal Writers' Project (FWP) of the Works Progress Administration, later renamed Work Projects Administration (WPA). At the conclusion of the Slave Narrative project, a set of edited transcripts was assembled and microfilmed in 1941 as the seventeen-volume Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves. In 2000-2001, with major support from the Citigroup Foundation, the Library digitized the narratives from the microfilm edition and scanned from the originals 500 photographs, including more than 200 that had never been microfilmed or made publicly available. https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/about-this-collection/ LAST SEEN: Finding Family After Slavery Last Seen offers genealogists and researchers a new tool for telling family stories of separation and survival during slavery, emancipation, and Civil War. The site offers easy access to thousands of “Information Wanted” advertisements taken out by former slaves searching for long lost family members. The ads taken out in black newspapers mention family members, often by name, and also by physical description, last seen locations, and at times by the name of a former slave master. https://informationwanted.org/ Southern States Slavery and Bondage Collection - (except North Carolina, which has a separate Collection listed under that State’s name below) https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Southern_States_Slavery_and_Bondage_Collections -------------------------- Other Databases which can help you in looking for Slaveholders: Large Slaveholders of 1860 and African American Surname Matches from 1870. https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~ajac/genealogy/ 1860 List of Slaves aged 100 and up,by State and County: https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~ajac/genealogy/slave100up.htm =============================== Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War: Series J – Part 5 Louisiana http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/2440_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt5.p… Series J – Part 6 Mississippi and Arkansas http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/2442_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt6.p… Series J – Part 7 – Alabama http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/2444_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt7.p… Series J – Part 8 Tennessee and Kentucky http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/2433_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt8.p… Series J – Part 9 Virginia http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/2448_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt9.p… Series K – Selections from Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, The Shirley Plantation Collection, 1650-1888 http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/…/2462_AnteBellSouthPlanSerK.pdf Series M – Part 4 Central Piedmont Virginia http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/2474_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt4.p… =============================== Papers of the American Slave Trade: Series A: Selections from the Rhode Island Historical Society Part 1: Brown Family Collection http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/up…/1404_PapAmSlaveTrSerAPt1.pdf Part 2: Aaron Lopez Collection http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/upa_c…/Slave%20Trade%20B%202.pdf Part 1: Port of Savannah Slave Manifests 1790-1860 http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/…/100539_AmSlaveTradeSerDPt1.pdf Part 2: Selected Collections http://www.lexisnexis.com/…/up…/1406_PapAmSlaveTrSerAPt2.pdf ===============================

Once you have gotten to that point in time, you start Slavery Research. DON'T LOOK FOR YOUR ANCESTORS BY JUST SEARCHING FOR PLANTATIONS. There is no such thing as a one-stop place to look for Plantation names, although there may be pages where various such names may be posted, those are limited to only the knowledge of the website owner. YOU ARE THE ONE WHO MUST RESEARCH YOUR FAMILY BY THEIR NAMES. First look at the white neighbors living near your ancestors in the 1870 and 1880 Census, making notes of their names and ages to make sure that they would be listed in earlier Census. Be sure to check pages several pages before and after your ancestor. If there was a white family with the same surname as yours nearby, you should start with them, however, be aware that not all former Slaves took the same surname of their last slaveowner, although it's possible that neighbor could have been related to their slaveowner in some way, so it’s important that you learn something about those former slaveowning neighbors. Look at the Real Estate value of the suspected Slaveowner families in the 1860 and 1850 Census, this will help determine if their value sufficiently reflected enough to be a slaveowner. Also look at the 1860 and 1850 Slave Schedules for those same families to determine if they did own Slaves. Once you have determined that your ancestors may have been among their slaves, start researching that slaveowners family, get to know them inside out, like you would your own family; learn about who they married, who their parents and siblings were, who the spouses parents & sibling were, since slaves would have come into that slaveowners possession through any of those relations. Remember Slaves came into possession from marriages, inheritance, through gifting or purchase by deeds, so once you've gotten to know the families of the possible slaveowners, look through their records for those types of transactions. Look for Probate records that show transactions for the exchange of slaves, which could be from Wills, Estate Records which have Slave Inventories & Distributions, Deeds, Account books, & much more. Not all of those kinds of records are online, it may require that you may have to visit the courthouses & State Archives of some States. Make sure that you continue by reading the guides in our ANNOUNCEMENTS & the pinned message for this Group, most importantly for Slavery Research: Make sure that you read our pinned message for this Group, which contains extensive information for you to look through, along with links to websites with Research Guides. -------------------- For those whose Ancestors were Slaveowners, there is a document in our FILES Section posted by Babs Deacon which has instructions on how to document enslaved people in your tree: https://www.facebook.com/groups/188373451214240/permalink/3693261864058697/ Probate Records are usually found in the County Courthouses in the locations where the deceased lived or died in. They include Wills, Estate Records containing Slave Inventories, Distributions of Property, Accounts of Sales, Hiring & disbursements of expenses for Slaves, and more. You may have to read through pages & pages of those records to find the info you need, but they can be well-worth your time. Some of these records can also be found online in Collections on both FamilySearch and Ancestry .com. Learn how to use these collections for your research, don't just go there looking for a name, do some reading about the websites and their collections, as well as to understand what you are looking for. FamilySearch has Probate Records and Estate Records for most States, generally they are not indexed, so can only be found using the Browse features and looking through the Counties. Some States have separate collections for Estate Records, which are indexed by Slaveowners names. A better choice would be use the browse feature to go to the County, and look through the Surnames lists for Estate Records. A listing by State, of Probate & Estate Records Collections on FamilySearch: https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Probate_Records Use the FAMILYSEARCH CATALOG to find those hidden records which will not come up in a Search; many, many records are not indexed. It is very easy to search, just learn how to navigate it. Not only Census, Birth, Marriage & Death & Military records, but also Court, Deeds, Probate (Wills, Estates, Guardianships, etc), Apprenticeships, and much more. You can find what records are available for a specific location ("PLACE" box), by simply putting in the name it generally auto-fills which you select from, then SEARCH, and up pops a listing. Click onto the name of the collection that interests you from that list, and see what you get. For instance I want to see what records exist for Halifax County, NC, so I key in "Halifax", select "United States, North Carolina, Halifax". A listing of Halifax County records appear, click onto the collection of interest, then click onto the Name of those records which appear below. Some are available only in a Family History Library, but if you see one with a "camera" icon, that means it's available online, so click that, and you can now browse and download any copies of the microfilm included, by clicking onto the images. Reminder, make sure you are signed in with your user name and password in order to view microfilm. https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog Searchable database of Probate Records on Ancestry .com: https://search.ancestry.com/search/group/us_willsprobate I have written a document with links to all FamilySearch Records listed by State. Please read instructions in how to get to the specific County links included in the document. This document is here: https://www.facebook.com/notes/ive-traced-my-ancestors-slaveholders/state-county-records-familyearch-catalog/2451205778264318/ List of Enumerators Instructions for the U.S. Census from 1850-1950. Learn to understand what info included in each Census record means; they were different from year to year: https://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/tEnumInstr.shtml?sssdmh=dm13.166231 Keep this link handy for copies of blank forms, that include the Census, Slave Schedules, Military forms, which will help you read those columns in images you find online. BLANK CHARTS & FORMS of all kinds: https://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/charts-forms ================================== RESEARCH RESOURCES. Slave Schedules - Use Them Properly and Tell The Story How to Use Slave Schedules to Research Enslaved Ancestors. A great blog by Angela Walton-Raji that explains how to read Slave Schedules as well as some tips about what they can tell you about possible ancestors. https://myancestorsname.blogspot.com/2014/10/slave-schedules-use-them-properly.html Instructions on How to Read a Slave Schedule Census https://www.genealogy.com/forum/regional/states/topics/ok/muskogee/473/ Getting to grips with the 1850 & 1860 Slave Schedules (USA) This video introduces the 1850 & 1860 Slave Schedules used in the USA. There are some tips and tricks on how to tackle these two schedules for those researching their African American slave ancestors. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmXYzkhJVjw&ytbChannel=GenealogyAdventures ================================= GET TO KNOW WHERE ANCESTORS LIVED. Online U.S. Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. County boundaries changed over the years in many States, so it helps to know where they were at any particular time. How do you find the correct county lines as of the dates your ancestors lived in a location and left records? With the Atlas of Historical County Boundaries, you can view records on a per state basis, an interactive map, or choose the time slots that best meet your requirements. You can search by location or by time or by both. To use the web site for the first time, select a state from the map on the site’s home page to view all of the Atlas’ content related to that state, including shapefiles, chronologies, and metadata. If you cannot quickly find the information you seek, narrow the search by choosing from the available list of options. Probably the most useful option for genealogists is to display maps by dates. Start by selecting the State you want at the top of the page, and GO! https://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/usingatlas.html ================================== GUIDES and HISTORY: Interactive Guide for Beginners. by Dee Parmer Woodtor, Author of Finding a Place Called Home. A Beginners Guide to African America Research: https://afrigeneas.com/guide/ African American Family History Research: Breaking the 1870 Wall The 1870 U.S. Federal Census was the first time freed African Americans were enumerated with their complete names, ages and birthplaces. They were grouped together in households and had occupations listed. Prior to that enslaved blacks were only listed by age and gender. Join Crista Cowan as she shares some tried and true tips and tricks for identifying your enslaved African American ancestors in slave schedules, wills, estate inventories, and plantation records: https://youtu.be/-hgUIDXEHz4 Retracing Slavery’s Trail of Tears America’s forgotten migration – the journeys of a million African-Americans from the tobacco South to the cotton South https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/slavery-trail-of-tears-180956968 Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States. Compiled from the census of 1860. From the Library of Congress: https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3861e.cw0013200/ American Colonization Society Photos The Library of Congress has a few daguerreotypes (early photos) taken in the 1850s of African Americans who emigrated to Liberia. This is part of the Daguerreotypes Collection at the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/daguerreotypes/articles-and-essays/mirror-images-daguerreotypes-at-the-library-of-congress/american-colonization-society Slave Voyage - Explore the Dispersal of Enslaved Africans across the Atlantic World: https://www.slavevoyages.org/ ================== FREEDMEN'S BUREAU RECORDS: For those of you not aware of it, FamilySearch has a vast collection of Freedmen's Bureau Records, some in searchable databases, some not. Freedmen's Bureau Records Listings with links to searchable or browsable Freedmen's databases on FamilySearch. The Bureau's records (Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands), kept from 1865-1872, contain a wide range of data about the African American experience during slavery and freedom. Therefore, they are a valuable source for the black family historian. Refugees include many in the local white population. https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/African_American_Freedmen%27s_Bureau_Records Select Freedmen's Bureau Records The Bureau confronted the basic and urgent needs of freedpeople, as shown by these sample documents, all cited below by microfilm series. https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/freedmens-bureau/highlights.html African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/freedmens-bureau

Resources and Research for Aboriginal Genealogy DELORIS WILLIAMS GUIDE TO START RESEARCHING SLAVES and BLACK GENEALOGY (Slavery Research should not be done until after you have done all of the research backwards in time from yourself through your parents, grandparents, great grandparents, etc., arriving at your ancestor who was born prior to 1865, and found first in the 1870 Census in the U.S. That research is addressed in our other document, BASIC STEPS FOR STARTING GENEALOGY RESEARCH, which starts you off in research.) Basic Steps for Starting Genealogy Research. DELORIS WILLIAMS· 1. Start by recording what you know about yourself. Write down your own name, birth date, place of birth, parents, grandparents, husband or wife, if married, date of marriage, place of marriage, children's complete names and their dates of birth. This includes talking to relatives to find out what they may know to help fill in info about your family, as much as possible. Get as much info as you can about your family that will be of help in knowing who, when and where they lived. 2. Look for family records at home or from relatives, such as bibles, funeral home obituaries, military records, old photos, birth, marriage or death records from older family members, etc., anything that contains info that can help in your research. Write these things down in a notebook, a document on your computer, or whatever else will be handy and accessible to you to refer to at any time. 3. Now that you have Names, and hopefully some ideas of locations where they lived, it's time to start looking for your family in Census Records. Start with the 1940 Census, looking for your ancestor who was born prior to that year, using their last known location or the birth location, if you have it. Follow your ancestors back every 10 years through the Census, building a Chart for each generation you find. When using Census records, make sure you look at the actual images, record all of the info found in them, and make note of the families surrounding them for several pages both before and after your ancestors. Pay attention to what each column in the Census say, they varied each year, and there is great info to be found in them. Download blank copies of Census forms to help you read & understand those columns. 4. Once you've learned these basic steps, it's important that you follow-up each of the individual ancestors with additional records for each step in their lives, that is, find Birth, Marriage & Death Records, which will help identify spouses and children to further research. Keep in mind that many States, North Carolina for instance, did not have Birth & Death Certificates until 1913, and that most Southern States had similiar time periods, so always read and study about the locations your ancestors lived in to see what's available for them. Read up about the Locations your ancestors lived in, learn the history of those places, the State, the County; look at maps to see where they lived, and the names of the surrounding Counties and States. Don't just go into research without some basic understanding of where and how people lived in your ancestors time. I suggest that you use Family Group Sheets, Pedigree Charts and a Genealogy Program software to keep your files organized and to build your family tree. As your research grows, you'll appreciate having all of your information together and more easily managed using a Genealogy program on your computer, where you may also create your own Charts and Trees to share with your family, as well as a GEDCOM to save copies as backups, or to transfer to other genealogy software, or to an online tree. An entire array of genealogy charts and forms can be downloaded for free here: https://www.archives.gov/research/genealogy/charts-forms Some sites that have Census Records are: FamilySearch.org, a free website with lots of free genealogy records of all kinds. Sign up for a free account to get access to images. https://familysearch.org/search/ Ancestry.com, which requires a subscription, but has a huge records collection of all kinds. https://www.ancestry.com/ Heritage Quest Online, is a genealogy website available free through many local libraries, which includes free home access with the use of a library card. They include: Census Census Maps 1850 and 1860 Slave Schedules Mortality Schedules Agricultural and Industrial Schedules 1890 Veterans Schedule City Directories U.S. Indian Census Rolls Revolutionary War Pension Applications (selected records) Freedman's Bank Records Family and Local History Books Check with your local library to see if they offer Heritage Quest. Also, some libraries across the country offer use through the purchase of cards from them for a fee, so if your local library doesn't offer HQ, check other libraries for their policies in offering cards for those outside of their area. Reminder: clear and easy instructions for Researching Your Slave Ancestors are included at the top of this Facebook Group, which I strongly urge all new members to visit: https://www.myslaveancestors.com/ As stated in the title here, this is only a basic step to start your research, so don't stop with just these suggestions. Read books on researching, join local genealogy societies, go to genealogy workshops, visit websites which offer research videos; links to such resources are always being posted here as well as on other genealogy-related Facebook pages and Genealogy websites.